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41.
The cellulose solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/tetrabutylammonium fluoride trihydrate (TBAF) was
successfully applied as reaction medium for the synthesis of allyl cellulose by conversion of the polymer
with allyl chloride in the presence of solid NaOH. Samples with degree of substitution from 0.50 to 2.98
were accessible by varying the molar ratio anhydroglucose unit:allyl chloride:NaOH and reaction time. DMSO/TBAF
was found to be an efficient reaction medium for the preparation of highly functionalized samples from spruce
sulfite pulp with degree of polymerization of about 500 even in a scale of 50 g. The allyl cellulose samples
were characterized by means of FTIR- and NMR spectroscopy. Size exclusion chromatography revealed negligible
polymer degradation during synthesis and purification of the samples. 相似文献
42.
Until recently, numerical simulations of discontinuities in highly super-Alfvénic plasmas have been severely limited by comparatively crude resolution and accuracy. Significant progress in the numerical simulation of such plasmas was achieved with the recently implemented Central Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (CWENO) scheme. Combining this technique with that of adaptive mesh refinement (AMR), we have developed a third-order numerical scheme, which is able to efficiently capture strong gradients on spatial scales being small compared to the overall scale of the plasma system considered. Here, we first describe important algorithmic aspects of the scheme as well as the physics included in it. Second, we present the results of various performance tests. And, third, we illustrate its application to ‘real world problems’ using the example of the dynamics of a Sedov-type explosion. 相似文献
43.
Measuring techniques for characterizing gas/liquid reactors . The article considers measuring techniques for the characterization of the phases in gas/liquid reactors. These include the velocity profile and turbulence in the continuous phase as well as holdup, size, and velocity of the dispersed phase. Also, methods for the determination of the specific interfacial area and the volumetric mass transfer coefficients are discussed. Measuring methods have made enormous advances in recent years. In spite of this, there is a lack of reliable methods, especially for use during reactions without disturbing the state of the reactor. It is suspected that probe technique will gradually fall into disuse and more and more attention will be focussed on contractless methods. This calls for further development of ultrasonic methods and methods relying on emission of light. 相似文献
44.
We present a method based on extended linear real quantifier elimination for multiple object semilinear motion planning, i.e. finding collision-free trajectories for several robots in a time dependent environment. For practical applicability the method is limited to polygonal objects and linear trajectories. It can, however, deal with situations involving even non-convex objects. 相似文献
45.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Visser Dipl.-Ing. Dipl.-Oec. Frank W. Peinemann 《Forschung im Ingenieurwesen》1996,62(6):149-160
Zusammenfassung Es werden die prinzipiellen Einsatzm?glichkeiten neuronaler Netwwerke zur Modellbildung, Steuerung und Regelung von Robotern
sowie zur Unterstützung sensomotorischer Aktionen dargelegt. Einige ausgew?hlte neuronale Regelungskonzepte werden vorgestellt
und auf ihre Stabilit?t, Robustheit, Genauigkeit sowie Echtzeitf?higkeit hin untersucht. Ferner wird gezeigt, wie sich neuronale
Regelungskonzepte in industrielle Robotersteuerungen integrieren lassen. 相似文献
46.
47.
Due to the fact that human activities and most sustainability issues are closely related to energy use, the energy system is a sound framework for providing lead indicators for sustainable development. Common energy-economic models enable the estimation of future states of the energy system. An energy system-based lead indicator set can be used to develop consistent and coherent future indicator estimates and to track sustainability, a clear advantage over existing sets. 相似文献
48.
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50.
Imaging of the optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer: the effects of age, optic disc area, refractive error, and gender. 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Christopher Bowd Linda M Zangwill Eytan Z Blumenthal Cristiana Vasile Andreas G Boehm Parag A Gokhale Kourosh Mohammadi Payam Amini Timothy M Sankary Robert N Weinreb 《Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision》2002,19(1):197-207
We cross-sectionally examined the relationship between age, optic disc area, refraction, and gender and optic disc topography and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurements, using optical imaging techniques. One eye from each of 155 Caucasian subjects (age range 23.0-80.8 y) without ocular pathology was included. Measurements were obtained by using the Heidelberg Retina Tomography (HRT), the GDx Nerve Fiber Analyzer, and the Optical Coherence Tomograph (OCT). The effects of age were small (R2 < 17%) and were limited to specific HRT, GDx, and OCT parameters. Disc area was significantly associated with most HRT parameters and isolated GDx and OCT parameters. Refraction and gender were not significantly associated with any optic disc or RNFL parameters. Although effects of age on the optic disc and RNFL are small, they should be considered in monitoring ocular disease. Optic disc area should be considered when cross-sectionally evaluating disc topography and, to a lesser extent, RNFL thickness. 相似文献